Timeline

Cyrus the Great becomes king of Persia.

Aspendos falls to Persia.

Cyrus the Great dies.

Samos freed from its tyrant rulers with the help of Sparta.

Athenians overthrow tyrant rulers.

Militos rebels against Persia.

Militos defeated by Persia and city is destroyed.

Athens defeats Persia at Marathon.

Athens defeats Persia at Salamis.

Cimon chosen to drive Persia from Greek cities. Athens requires allies to pay 460 talents per year to support effort.

Katana captured by Herion I of Syracuse.

Tarentum establishes democratic government.

Cimon defeats Persian fleet at battle of Eurymedon at Aspendos. Athens captures 200 ships.

Athens frees (takes) Thace from Persians.

Athens defeats Thasos and destroys their fleet. Threatens Macedonian and has Alexander I overthrown.

Athenians revolt against government and select Perikles. Beginning of Athens' Golden age under Perikles. Tribute from allies raised to 600 talents.

Start of Peloponnessian war between Athens and Sparta. Sparta sets up military camp in Attica.

Aeginetans ordered to leave island and replaced by Athenian colonist.

Syracuse in Sicily utterly defeats Athens 20 Sept.

Aspendos is re-taken by Persia.

Lysander of Sparta defeats Athenian fleet and captures 200 ships than takes Athens September 404 ending Peloponnessian war.

Aeginetans return to Island.

Rome burned by Brennus of Gaul. City rebuilt with great Servian walls.

Cappadocia rebels against Persia.

Thessalian League reestablished by Jason.

Jason dies Thessalian league in disarray.

Cos is re-founded by Athens.

Phillip II becomes regent of Macedonia.

Rhodes, Cos, and Chios pull out of the Athenian Alliance.

Mausolos a Persian prince of Caria stations troops on the islands of Rhodes, Cos & Chios.

Phillip II of Macedonia makes peace among the Thessalian cities.

Phillip II of Macedonia takes Thessaly.

Rhodes, Cos, and Chios freed from Persian control.

Phillip II of Macedonia takes over Corinth, Athens and the rest of Greece.

Phillip II dies and is succeeded by his son Alexander III (the Great).

Seleukid I becomes Satrap of Babylon.

Perdiccas attacks Egypt but is defeated.

Antigones takes Palestine and Cyprus from Ptolemy I of Egypt.

Antigones takes Babylon from Seleukid I.

Seleukid I re- takes Babylon from Antigones.

Antigones signs peace treaty with Ptolemy I after losing the battle of Gaza.

Antigonos loses Corinth to Ptolemy I.

Antigonos holds Cyprus at sea battle against Ptolemy I.

Antigones besieges Rhodes for their support of Ptolemy I.

Seleukid I declares himself King and establishes Seleukid kingdom.

Selukid I extends kingdom to India.

Ptolemy I defeats Antigonos at the battle of Ipsus and takes Palestine and lower Syria.

Antigonos' siege of Rhodes fails. In celebration, Rhodes starts construction of Colossus of Rhodes.

Philetaeus becomes governor of Pergamon and fortifies the city using Alexander the Great’s treasure that he held in the city. Rebels against Selukid control and becomes founder of the Pergamon kingdom.

Seleukid I defeats Lysimachos and rules all of Alexander’s empire except Egypt.

Colossus of Rhodes completed.

Cappadocia becomes independent of Greek rule.

Diodotos the Seleukid governor of Baktria rebels and establishes the kingdom of Baktria.

Colossus of Rhodes toppled in earthquake.

Antiochus III (Great) becomes king of Selukid kingdom.

Rome makes Sicily its first imperial province.

Rome takes Tarentum.

End 2nd Punic War, Hannibal surrenders & Carthage gives up fleet and trading concessions to Rome.

Masinissa becomes King of Numedia.

Greek cities freed from Macedonian rule.

Seleukids take Ephesus

Rome and Pergamon defeat Antiochus III of Selukid kingdom at the battle of Magnesia.

At Pydna Rome defeats Perseus of Macedonia.

Rome takes control of Macedonian territories.

Due to Rhodes lack of support of Rome against Macedonia, Rome established island of Delos as free port. Rhodes' economy collapses.

Start of 3rd Punic war when Hasdrubal of Carthage attacks Numedia - a Roman ally.

Rome destroys Corinth the last Greek city-state.

End 3rd Punic War with the destruction of Carthage.

Pergamon including Ephesus is willed to Rome by Attalus III.

Mithradates VI becomes king of Thace.

Julius Caesar is born.

End - Sula of Rome defeats Mithradates VI - 1^st revolt.

Mithradates VI unsuccessful 2nd revolt.

Mithradates VI attempts to take Roman protectorate of Bithynia.

War between Pompey of Rome and Mithradates VI and his brother-in-law Tigranes of Armenia.

Pompey of Rome defeats Tigranes and makes Syria a Roman province.

Gaul defeated by Caesar.

Caesar crosses the Rubicon and brings his troops illegally into Rome. Starts civil war against Pompey.

Caesar chases Pompey to Egypt and helps Cleopatra to take power.

Mark Anthony elected Roman Consul.

Caesar re-establishes Corinth.

Caesar Assassinated.

Cappadocia becomes a Roman province.

Britain conquered by Rome.

Temple of Ephesus destroyed by Goths.

Sasanid kingdom falls to Islamic forces.

YEAR BC unless otherwise stated	WEST Mediteranean & Western Europe	CENTRAL Mediteranean	EAST Mediteranean & Greek Orient
561		Croesus becomes King of Lydia issues first bimetallic coins.
550			Cyrus the Great becomes king of Persia.
550		Sicyon freed from its tyrant rulers with the help of Sparta.
546		Lydia is defeated by Persia.
546		Militos falls to Persia.
546		Aspendos falls to Persia.
539			Persia defeats Babylon.
538			Persia takes Byblos & Phoenicia.
529			Cyrus the Great dies.
522		Samos freed from its tyrant rulers with the help of Sparta.
514		Athenians overthrow tyrant rulers.
510	Romans overthrow kings and establish republic.
500		1st Athenian council assembly.
499		Militos rebels against Persia.
495		Alexander I unites Macedonia.
494		Militos defeated by Persia and city is destroyed.
492		Thasos falls to Persia.
490		Athens defeats Persia at Marathon.
485			Xerxes becomes King of Persia.
484		Athens builds fleet of 100 triremes to war against Aegina.
480		Athens defeats Persia at Salamis.
478		Cimon chosen to drive Persia from Greek cities. Athens requires allies to pay 460 talents per year to support effort.
476		Katana captured by Herion I of Syracuse.
475		Cimon takes Chersonese.
473	Tarentum establishes democratic government.
468		Cimon defeats Persian fleet at battle of Eurymedon at Aspendos. Athens captures 200 ships.
467		Naxos rebels against Athens.
466		Athens frees (takes) Thace from Persians.
465		Thasos rebels against Athens (Delian league).
464		Sparta devastated by earthquake.
463		Athens defeats Thasos and destroys their fleet. Threatens Macedonian and has Alexander I overthrown.
462		Athenians revolt against government and select Perikles. Beginning of Athens' Golden age under Perikles. Tribute from allies raised to 600 talents.
461		Cimon exiled for 10 years.
459		Athens and Aegina go to war.
457		Sparta invades Tanagra.
453		Perikles sends fleet to attack Peloponnessos coast and battles with Sicyon.
449	City of Naples re-colonized	Cimon returns from exile and attacks Cyprus.
449		Perikles besieges Samos.
449		Athens ordered coinage stopped in Delian league.
448		Sparta forces Phocians from Delphi and returns oracle to Delphian control, but after Spartans leave Athens declares holy war and returns Delphi to Phocians.
448		Athens colonizes Naxos.
448		Athens colonizes Chersonese.
447		Athens calls meeting of Greek cities, but Sparta refuses and meeting fails.
446		Euboea revolts against Athens.
440		Perikles leads expedition to Samos.
433	City of Taras established.
431		Start of Peloponnessian war between Athens and Sparta. Sparta sets up military camp in Attica.
431		Aeginetans ordered to leave island and replaced by Athenian colonist.
430		Plague in besieged Athens.
429		Perikles dies from plague. Tribute from Athens' allies raised to 1300 talents.
427		Athens captures Minoa.
425		Athens captures Corinth.
424		Athens captures Cythera, Thyrea, Nisaea, and ravages Peloponnessian coast.
418		Several Peloponnessian cities rebel against Sparta and side with Athens.
417		Argos rebels against Athens and sides with Sparta.
416		Melos rebels against Athens and is totally destroyed as a warning - angers Greek states.
415		Cos destroyed in Peloponnessian war.
415	Athens attacks Italy and takes Rhegium.
415	Athens starts campaign to take Sicily.
413	Syracuse in Sicily utterly defeats Athens 20 Sept.
412		Athens regroups fleet at Samos to start campaign to retake island states.
411		Aspendos is re-taken by Persia.
410		Cyzicus unsuccessfully rebels against Athens.
409		Byzantium unsuccessfully rebels against Athens.
409		Athens besieges Chalcedon, but Sparta takes advantage & attacks Athens - fleet recalled.
408		Three cities on Island of Rhodes agree to establish the city of Rhodes.
406		Lysander of Sparta wins sea battle against Athens at Samos.
404		Lysander of Sparta defeats Athenian fleet and captures 200 ships than takes Athens September 404 ending Peloponnessian war.
404		Aeginetans return to Island.
403		Athenians overthrow oligarchy set up by Sparta.
398		Corinth revolts against Sparta.
396		Persia bribes Thebes to get Greeks to rebel against Sparta.
395		Boetian war: Thebes and Athens join against Sparta.
394		Start of Corinthian war: Corinth and Argos ally with Thebes and Athens against Sparta.
390	Rome burned by Brennus of Gaul. City rebuilt with great Servian walls.
387		End Corinthian war Sparta defeated by Corinth, Argos, Thebes and Athens.
387		Athens tries to retake Aspendos from Persia.
379			Persian Satrap Pharnabazos of Cilicia and Datames of Cappadocia prepare to invade Egypt.
377		Athenian alliance formed.
374			Cappadocia rebels against Persia.
374		Thessalian League reestablished by Jason.
370		Jason dies Thessalian league in disarray.
366		Cos is re-founded by Athens.
359		Phillip II becomes regent of Macedonia.
357		Rhodes, Cos, and Chios pull out of the Athenian Alliance.
356		Phillip II defeats Illyria and declares himself king of Macedonia.
356		Alexander the Great is born on the same day the temple of Artemis at Ephesos is burned down.
356		Construction of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus one of the 7 wonders of the world.
354		Mausolos a Persian prince of Caria stations troops on the islands of Rhodes, Cos & Chios.
353		Phillip II of Macedonia makes peace among the Thessalian cities.
344		Phillip II of Macedonia takes Thessaly.
340		Rhodes, Cos, and Chios freed from Persian control.	Mausolos dies.
338		Phillip II of Macedonia takes over Corinth, Athens and the rest of Greece.
336		Phillip II dies and is succeeded by his son Alexander III (the Great).
334		Alexander III crosses the Hellespont with 35,000 troops.
333		Aspendos surrenders to Alexander the Great
332		Alexander III founds the city of Alexandria Egypt
331		Rhodes sides with Alexander the Great against Tyre and becomes naval power of region.	At Gaugamelia Alexader defeats Persian army. Alexander burns and loots Persepolis.
327		Alexander III reaches Indus (India) troops refuse to go further.
326	Naples allies with Rome.
323			Ptolemy I becomes Satrap of Egypt.
323		Alexander III the great dies June 13 in Babylon.
321			Seleukid I becomes Satrap of Babylon.
321			Perdiccas attacks Egypt but is defeated.
320		Antigones takes Palestine and Cyprus from Ptolemy I of Egypt.
316		Antigones takes Babylon from Seleukid I.
312		Seleukid I re- takes Babylon from Antigones.
312		Antigones signs peace treaty with Ptolemy I after losing the battle of Gaza.
306		Antigonos loses Corinth to Ptolemy I.
306		Antigonos holds Cyprus at sea battle against Ptolemy I.
305			Ptolemy I declares himself king of Egypt.
305		Antigones besieges Rhodes for their support of Ptolemy I.	Seleukid I declares himself King and establishes Seleukid kingdom.
301			Selukid I extends kingdom to India.
301		Ptolemy I defeats Antigonos at the battle of Ipsus and takes Palestine and lower Syria.
292		Antigonos' siege of Rhodes fails. In celebration, Rhodes starts construction of Colossus of Rhodes.
285			Ptolemy II becomes King of Egypt, builds Pharos Lighthouse (1 of 7 wonders of the world) and library of Alexandria.
281			Philetaeus becomes governor of Pergamon and fortifies the city using Alexander the Great’s treasure that he held in the city. Rebels against Selukid control and becomes founder of the Pergamon kingdom.
281		Seleukid I defeats Lysimachos and rules all of Alexander’s empire except Egypt.
280	Pyrrhos of Epeiros wars against Italy, Macedonia and Sicily makes Tarentum his base in Italy.
280		Colossus of Rhodes completed.	Cappadocia becomes independent of Greek rule.
272	Pyrrhos of Epeiros defeated. Rome takes Tarentum, Metapontum and Taras.
264	Start of 1st Punic war between Carthage and Rome.
256			Diodotos the Seleukid governor of Baktria rebels and establishes the kingdom of Baktria.
241	End of 1st Punic War Rome is victorious and receives Sicily and large yearly silver tribute from Carthage. Herion II for helping Rome continues as king of Syracuse.		Ptolemy III takes Syria, and Babylonia. Ptolemaic Egypt at its height.
238			Parthian Satrap Arsakes I rebels against Selukid rule and establishes the kingdom of Parthia.
225		Colossus of Rhodes toppled in earthquake.
223			Antiochus III (Great) becomes king of Selukid kingdom.
219	Start of 2nd Punic War between Carthage and Rome.
216			Ptolemy IV defeats Antiochus III at the battle of Raphia over Phoenicia.
212	Hannibal makes Tarentum his base in Italy and is supported by Metapontum.		Antiochus III (Great) starts his campaign to recover eastern provinces of Parthia and Baktria.
212	Rome makes Sicily its first imperial province.
209	Rome takes Tarentum.
207	End 2nd Punic War, Hannibal surrenders & Carthage gives up fleet and trading concessions to Rome.
205			Antiochus III (Great) returns from his successful eastern campaign (control was short lived) and takes title the "Great".
202	Masinissa becomes King of Numedia.
197	Rome defeats Philip V of Macedonia.
197		Greek cities freed from Macedonian rule.
197		New Thessalian league established.
190		Seleukids take Ephesus
190	Rome and Pergamon defeat Antiochus III of Selukid kingdom at the battle of Magnesia.
190			After victory at the battle of Magnesia, Rome rewards Pergamon with Selukid territories.
168	At Pydna Rome defeats Perseus of Macedonia.
168	Rome takes control of Macedonian territories.
167		Due to Rhodes lack of support of Rome against Macedonia, Rome established island of Delos as free port. Rhodes' economy collapses.
148	Masinissa dies and Micipas becomes king of Numedia.
148	Start of 3rd Punic war when Hasdrubal of Carthage attacks Numedia - a Roman ally.
146	Rome destroys Corinth the last Greek city-state.
146	Rome takes over Macedonia and Thessaly.
145	End 3rd Punic War with the destruction of Carthage.
140			Seleukid King Demetrios II attacks Parthia but is defeated and taken prisoner.
133	Pergamon including Ephesus is willed to Rome by Attalus III.
129			Seleukid king Antiochus VII attacks Parthia but is defeated and killed.
126			Tyre Phoenicia breaks away from Selukid rule.
120		Mithradates VI becomes king of Thace.
103			Judea under Alexander Jannaeus breaks away from Selukid rule and establishes the Hasmonaean dynasty.
100	Julius Caesar is born.
89			Defeat of Ariarathes (Cappadocia’s last king).
88	Start - Mithradates VI leads revolt against Rome.
86	End - Sula of Rome defeats Mithradates VI - 1^st revolt.
81	Mithradates VI unsuccessful 2nd revolt.
78			Last Seleukid King Philip is defeated by Tigranes of Armenia.
74	Mithradates VI attempts to take Roman protectorate of Bithynia.
74	War between Pompey of Rome and Mithradates VI and his brother-in-law Tigranes of Armenia.
64	Pompey of Rome defeats Tigranes and makes Syria a Roman province.
59	Caesar becomes Consul of Rome.
58	Caesar goes to war in Gaul.
55	Caesar crosses into Britain.
55	Ptolemy XII (Cleopatra's father) bribes Caesar to recognize him as King of Egypt and retakes and rules Egypt with Rome’s help.
51			Ptolemy XII of Egypt dies and kingdom is given to Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII.
50	Gaul defeated by Caesar.
50	Caesar crosses the Rubicon and brings his troops illegally into Rome. Starts civil war against Pompey.
50	Caesar chases Pompey to Egypt and helps Cleopatra to take power.
48	Mark Anthony elected Roman Consul.
46	Caesar re-establishes Corinth.
44	Caesar Assassinated.
30	Augustus defeats Cleopatra and Mark Anthony at Actium.
30	Cleopatra commits suicide. The end of the last Greek Kingdom.
17 AD	Cappadocia becomes a Roman province.
43 AD	Britain conquered by Rome.
61 AD	Britain under Queen Boudicca unsuccessfully revolts against Rome.
69/70 AD	1st Jewish revolt against Rome, After the defeat Greek silver coinage ceases.
234 AD			Ardashir the Parthian governor of Persia rebels against Parthian rule and establishes the Sasanid kingdom.
263 AD		Temple of Ephesus destroyed by Goths.
600+ AD			Sasanid kingdom falls to Islamic forces.

YEAR

WEST

Mediteranean & Western Europe

CENTRAL

Mediteranean

EAST

Mediteranean & Greek Orient